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Manuel Valadares (1904-1982)
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Manuel José Nogueira Valadares was born in Lisbon on 26 February 1904. He studied Physics at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, where he became an assistant lecturer as from 1927. Between 1929 and 1932 he was also assistant at the Portuguese Institute of Oncology. In 1929-1930, he received a grant from the National Education Board to go to the Radium Institute of Geneva, where he worked with E. Wassemer.
He improved his research skills in the Curie Laboratory in Paris, where he was from 1930 to 1933, having obtained his PhD in 1933 under the supervision of Marie Curie (1867-1934). Once back in Portugal, he directed his skills towards the fields of Nuclear Physics and X-ray spectrometry. In 1940, he went to Italy, where he carried out research at the Istituto di Volta and in the Laboratório di Física dell’Istituto di Sanita Pubblica.
He returned to Portugal in 1941, where he played an important role in the start up of atomic and nuclear research in the Physics Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. He was also responsible for the subject of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Physics, directed at medical students.
In June 1947, he was dismissed by the government of Salazar, along with other professors and researchers. In November 1947, he went to Paris, at the invitation of Irene Joliot-Curie (1897-1956), where he held several academic posts with remarkable success. Having started his activity as Chargé de Recherches (C. N. R. S.), he later became Maître de Recherches in 1948, and occupied the position of Directeur de Recherches as from 1957. He was “Directeur du Centre de Spéctrométrie Nucléaire et de Spéctrométrie de Masse”, in Orsay, until 1968, date on which he resigned.
He published, very often in collaboration with his colleagues or students, over 70 articles, most of them related to his research in the area of Atomic and Nuclear Physics. He backed many researchers and supervised many research projects of PhD students.
In 1930, he was awarded the “Artur Malheiros” Prize by the Academia de Ciências de Lisboa for his work Análise, por espectrografia de Raios X, de transmutações naturais e provocadas. The Académie des Sciences of Paris awarded him the “Prix de La Caze”, in 1966, in recognition for his research in the spectrometry in Alpha Rays.
He was awarded a doctorate “honoris causa” by the University of Lisbon in 1981. He was elected an honorary member of the Portuguese Physics Society in 1978. One year later, the Portuguese government awarded him the rank of Official of the “Ordem Militar de Santiago e Espada” for services rendered to the country. He died on 31 October 1982, at the age of 78.
Scientific Activity
Manuel Valadares was one of the Portuguese pioneers in the field of Atomic and Nuclear Physics. In the period in which he worked at the Curie Laboratory, he carried out work in the field of radioactivity, having drawn up a thesis titled Contribution à la spectrographie par diffraction cristalline du rayonnement gamma. During this period, he frequented the Mainini Institute, which carried out research on works of art of the Louvre Museum.
After his PhD, he returned to Portugal, where he dedicated himself to Nuclear Physics and X-Ray Spectrometry, trying to develop this research area in the Physics Studies Centre of the University of Lisbon. In the meantime, he founded a laboratory for the research of works of art in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga in Lisbon, having published some works on this subject.
He was one of the founders of the Núcleo de Matemática, Física e Química, set up in 1936 by a group of Portuguese researchers. He contributed towards the foundation of the magazine Gazeta de Física, aimed at Portuguese physics and students, in which he published several articles. He was co-founder of the magazine Portugaliae Physica, together with Cyrillo Soares (1883-1950), Aurélio Marques da Silva (1905-1965) and Telles Antunes (1905-1965). The underlying objective of this magazine was to make known the research work carried out in Portugal and to obtain foreign collaboration.
Once in France, after having been expelled from the University of Lisbon, he collaborated in the supervision of PhD theses of several researchers in X-Ray Spectrometry and Nuclear Physics. Particularly worthy of mention are his works with Rosenblum, on nuclear spectrometry, which won the La Caze prize, awarded by the Académie des Sciences de Paris. The prominent positions he occupied in the C. N. R. S. and the position of director of the Centre de Spéctrométrie Nucléaire et de Spéctrométrie de Masse reveal the importance assigned to his work.
Publications
Due to the extensive number of publications, these are presented in annex.
Fernando Reis
Bibliografia
“Manuel Valadares, 1904-1982”, Portugal. Phys., Vol. 13, 1982, pp. 121-122; I-VII.
SALGUEIRO, Lídia; CARVALHO, Luísa, “Manuel Valadares (1904-1982)”, in Memórias de Professores Cientistas, Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 2001, pp. 70-77.
SALGUEIRO, Lídia, “Vida e Obra de Manuel Valadares”, Gazeta de Física, Vol. 6, 1978 a 1979, pp. 2-12.
Lista de Publicações
Investigação em Física Atómica e Nuclear
“L’antagonisme des radiations dans leurs effets sur la plaque photographique”, (com E. Wassmer e Patry), Helv. Phys. Acta 3 (1930) 391; e.Arquivo de Patologia, 3, (1931), 41.
“Figures de distribution du dépôt actif sur les électrodes (com S. Rosenblum)”, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 192, (1931), 939.
“Sur la structure fine des rayons alpha du ThC (com S. Rosenblum)”, C. R Acad. Sc. Paris, 194 (1932), 967.
“Spectrographie, par diffraction cristalline, des rayon gamma et X de la famille du Thorium”, C. R. Acad. Sc Paris, 196 (1933) 856
“Spectrographie, par diffraction cristalline, des rayons gamma et X de la famille du Radium”, C. R. Acad. Sc Paris 197 (1933) 144
Contribution & la spectrographie, par diffraction cristalline, du rayonnement gamma, Thèse, Paris. 1933; e Annales de Physique, 2 (1934) 197
“Étude des satellite's L, de l'élement 82 (Pb)”,( com F. Mendes), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 206, (1938),\ 744
“Studio dei satelliti defile righe dello spectro L del piombo”, La Ricerca Scientifica, 11 (1940) 270
“Contributo allo studio degli spettri γ e X molli dei prodotti di disintegrazione del radon”, Rend, R. Acca d'Italia, 2 (1940), 351; e Rend. Ist. Sanità Pub., 3 (1941), 953
“Gli spettri γ e X dei derivati del radon nella regione 700 à 1300 U. X.”, Rend. R. Accad. D’Italia, 2 (1941), 1049 ; e rend. Ist. Sanità Pub. 4 (1941), 743
“La loi photoélectrique d’Einstein et le phénomène de conversion interne”, Portgal Phys. 1 (1943), 35
“Le spectre L des rayons X du radium D, Portgal Phys. 1 (1943), 73
“Influence de latension d'excitation sur les satellites des raies L de l'or, (com F. Mendes), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 227 (1948), 1088
“Structure fine du spectre magnétique des rayons de l'ionium” (com S. Rosenblum e J. Vial) C R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 227 (1948), 1088
“Le spectre du rayonnement alpha émis par RTh+ ThX” (com S. Rosenblum e M. Perey, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 228 (1949), 385
“Les spectres L et gamma émis par la transmutation RaD →RaE” (com L. Salgueiro), Portgal. Phys., 3 (1949), 21
“Structure fine du spectre magnétique alpha du thorium X” (com S. Rosenblum, M. Perey e J. Vial), C. R. Acad. de. Paris, 229 (1949), 1009
“Nouvelle détermination de quelques rayons des noyaux radioactifs lourds”, (com S. Rosenblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 230 (1950), 384
“Structure fine du spectre magnétique alpha du plutonium 239” (com S. Rosenblum e B. Goldschmidt), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 230 (1950) 638
“Spectrographie par diffraction cristalline du rayonnement electromagnétique du RaD”, (com M. Frilley e B. G. Gokhale), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 232 (1951), 50
“Spectre L émis dans la transmutation RaD → RaE (com M. Frilley e B. G. Gokhale), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 232, (1951), 157
“I.e spectre beta de conversion interne émis dans la transmujtaion ionium → radium" (com S. Rosemblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 232 (1951) 501
"Sur l'influence du moment magnétique nucléaire sur la largeur des raies dans les spectres de rayons X (com M. Frilley and B. G. Gokhale), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 233 (1951) 1183
“pectre β de conversion interne émis dans la transmutation thorium X →. thoron”(com Rosenblum eM. Guillot), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 234 (1952) 1767
“Les spins des niveaux des noyaux pairs-pairs et la théorie de l'émission ” (com S. Rosenblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 234 (l952) 2359
“Spectre d'électrons de conversion interne émis dans la transmutation radiothorium → thorium X” (com S. Rosenblum e M. Guillot), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 235 (1952) 238
“Sur les niveaux nucléaires (premiers états excités)” (com S. Rosenblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 235 (1952) 711
“Classification des "rayons" des noyaux émetteurs a en fonction de l'excès neutronique” (com S. Rosenblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 236 (1953), 196
“Sur les rayonnements émis au cours de la transmutation RaAc → AcX (I) (com M. Frilley e S. Rosenblum), J. de Phys. et Rad 15 (1954), 45
Sur la structure fine de l'ionium” (com S. Rosenblum, J. Blandin-Vial e R. Bernas), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 238 (1954), 1496
“Sur le spectre d’electrons de conversion émis par 241 Am → 237 Np (com J. Milsted e S. Rosenblum), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 239 (1954), 259
Sur le schèma de niveaux du 237 Np” (com J. Milsted e S. Rosenblum), C. R : Acad. Sc., 239 (1954), 700
“Les spectres d’électrons de conversion émis dans les trnasmutation ionium → radium (com S. Rosenblum e R.Bernas), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 239 (1954), 759
“Sur les rayonnements émis au cours de la transmutation RaAc → AcX (II), (com M. Frilley, S. Rosenblum e G. Bouissières), J de Phys, et Rad,. 16 (1955), 378
“Sur la largeur propre des raies d'électrons de conversion” J. de Phys. et Rad. l6 (I955), 542
“Spectrographe magnétique avec pré-accélération pour l'étude d'électrons de faible énergie” (com S. Rosenblum e J. Sant'Ana Dionisio) J. de Phys. et Rad. 17 (1956), 112
“Sur le rayonnement γ émis au cours de la transmutation RaD → RaE”, (com M. Frilley) J. de Phys, et Rad., 18 (1957), 468
“Etudes sur la transmutation 241 Am → 237 Np” (com S. Rosenblum e J. Milsted), J. de Phys. et Rad. 18 (1957), 609
“Coefficients de conversion interne dans les niveaux LI , LII, , LIII (com M. Frilley) J. de Phys. et Rad, 20 (1959), 60
“Le spectre d'électrons de conversion émis au cours de la transmutation 233 Pa → 233 U, (com G. Albouy), J. de Phys. et Rad. 20 (1959) 816
“Le spectre d'électrons de conversion (faibles énergies) et spectres Auger (L, M. N) émis au cours de la transmutation β du protactinium 233” (com G. Albouy), C R Acad. Sc. Pari, , 250 (1960) 2877
“Sur le rayonnement γ émis au cours de la transmutation thorium 234 (uranium X1) → protactinium 234 métastable (uranium X2” (com R. Faucher, J. Merinis e A, de Pinho), C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 255, (1962) 882
“Schéma des niveaux excités du protactinium 234” (com R. Foucher, J. Merinis e A. de Pinho) C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 255 (1962), 1916
Interprétation du schéma de niveaux du 234 Pa, noyau impair-impair” (com R. Foucher, J. Merinis e A. de Pinho) Journal de Physique 24 (1963) 203
“Quelques résultats nouveaux sur la désintegration 231 Pa → 225Ac” (com H. Abou-Leila, R. Foucher, A. de Pinho e N. Perrin) Journal de Physique, 24 (1963), 857
“Sur l'existence de bandes satellites dans les spectres d'électrons de conversion interne” (com R. J. Walen e Ch. Briançon) C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 263 (1966), 313
“Sur le spectre d'électrons de conversion interne émis par des atoms en vol: cas de la désintégration de l'américium 241 (colm Ch. Briançon e R. J. Walen) C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 265 (1967), 1496
“Effets du recul alpha en conversion interne”, Journal de Physique, 29 CI (1968), 103
“Mise en evidence d'excitations multiples des couches electroniques profondes dans le spectre de conversion interne de la transition nucléaire isomérique de 109Ag” (com Ch. Briançon e R. J. Walen), Physics Letters, 34B (1971) 599
“Bandes satellites des raies d'électrons de conversion interne (com R. J. Walen e Ch. Briançon) Journal de Physique 32, C4 (1971) 145
“Internal conversion electrons: Energy shift and nuclear half-life in ionized atoms-multiple deep vacancy production through second order effects” (com R. J. Walen e Ch. Briançon), International Conference on Inner Shell Ionization Phenomena, Atlanta, Georgia (1972), 1906.
Livros e Outras Publicações
“Absorção da radiação beta na passagem através lâminas, metálicas (contribuição para beta-terapia superficial)”, Arquivo de Patologia, 2 (1930), 238
“Colheita e preparação do radão (instalação e técnica)”, Arquivo de Patologia, 2, (1930), 247
“Propriedades físicas dos óleos fixos” (com H. A. Ferreira, V. Paraíso, F. Mendes) Publ. do Lab. Física da Univ. de Lisboa, 1 (1932), 63
“Mecanismo de emissão da radiação gama” Revista de Química Pura e Aplicada, 9 (1934), 3 “Madame Curie”, Técnica, n.º 64 (1935), 51, e Gazeta de Física 1. (1948) 272
Transmutation des éléments par des particules accélérées artificiellement, Ed. Hermann et Cie, Paris (1935)
“A Salomé de L. Cranach, o Velho” (com J. Couto), Boletim da Acad. Nac. de Belas-Artes, 4 (1938), 39
“Laboratório para o exame de obras de arte”, Boletim dos Museus Nacionais de Arte Antiga, 1 (1939), 32
“Estudo comparativo, ao Raio X, da obra dos Cranach” (com O. Trigo de Sousa), Boletim dos Museus Nacionais de Arte Antiga, 8 (1943), 187
“A obra científica de Jean Perrin”, Publ. Instituto Francês em Portugal (1944)
“Exame, ao raio X, do quadro 'Cristo descido da Cruz’ (autor desconhecido)”, Boletim dos Museus Nacionais de Arte Antiga 9/10 (1944), 39
“Observação com raios X de diamantes inclusos em massas de cera” (com F. Mendes), Boletim no. 14 do Museu Min, e Geol. da Univ. de Lisboa, (1946) 179
Elementos de Física Atómica, Sá da Costa Ed., Lisboa (1947)
“Recordações de Paul Langevin”, Gazeta de Física, 1 (1947), 103
“O Laboratório de Física da Fac. Ciênc. de Lisboa sob a direcção do Prof. Dr. A. Cyrillo Soares (1930-47) e a investigação científica”, Gazeta de Física, 2 (1950) 93
“Transmutação por captura electrónica”, Gazeta de Física, 3 (1954) 1
“A importância da energia nuclear para o nosso país”, Seara Nova, 1331-6 (1957), 77
“A obra científica de Frederic Joliot”, Gazeta de Física, 3 (1959), 188
“A reforma das Faculdades de Ciências”, República, 15 Junho 1959, 24 Julho 1959, 25 Agosto 1959
“Salomon Rosenblum”, Nuclear Physics, 15 (1960) 189; e Journal des Recherches du CNRS (1960)
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